BrahMos

BrahMos BrahMos and the launch canister on display at the International Maritime Defence Show, IMDS-2007, St. Petersburg, Russia Type Cruise missile Place of origin India/Russia Service history In service November 2006 Used by Indian Navy Indian Army Production history Manufacturer Joint venture, Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO Mashinostroeyenia (Russia) and Defense Research and Development Organization (BrahMos Corp, India) Unit cost US$ 2.73 million Specifications Weight 3000 kg 2500 kg (air-launched) Length 8.4 m Diameter 0.6 m Warhead 300 kg Conventional semi-armour-piercing Engine Two-stage integrated Rocket/Ramjet Operational range 290 km Speed Mach 2.8-3.0[1] Launch platform Ship, submarine, aircraft and land-based mobile launchers.

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BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft or land. It is a joint venture between India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russia's NPO Mashinostroeyenia who have together formed BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited.

The name BrahMos is a portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia. It travels at speeds of Mach 2.5 to 2.8. It is about three-and-a-half times faster than the USA's subsonic Harpoon^[2] cruise missile. A hypersonic version of the missile is also presently under development (Lab Tested with 5.26 Mach Speed).^[3]

Though India had wanted the BrahMos to be based on a mid range cruise missile, namely P-700 Granit, instead Russia opted for the shorter range sister of the missile, P-800 Oniks, in order to comply with MTCR restrictions, to which Russia is a signatory. Its propulsion is based on the Russian missile, and guidance has been developed by BrahMos Corp. The missile is expected to reach total order worth $13 billion ^[4][5]

History, Early Development and manufacture

The BrahMos has been developed as a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of India and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) of Russia under BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is named after two rivers, the Brahmaputra and the Moskva.

Since late 2004, the missile has undergone several tests from variety of platforms including a land based test from Pokhran desert, in which the 'S' maneuver at Mach 2.8 was demonstrated for the Indian Army and a launch in which the land attack capability from sea was demonstrated.^[6]

Keltec, an Indian state owned firm was acquired by Brahmos Corporation in 2008.^[7] Approximately 1500 Crores (over US$300 Million) will be invested in the facility to make Brahmos components and integrate the missile systems. This was necessitated by the increased order book of the missile system, with orders having been placed by both the Indian Army and Navy.^[8][9][10]

Description

BrahMos claims to have the capability of attacking surface targets as low as 10 meters in altitude. It can gain a speed of Mach 2.8, and has a maximum range of 290 km.^[1] The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead. It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-fueled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel-efficient than rocket propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket-powered missile would achieve.

The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-missiles such as the Tomahawk.^[11] Being twice as heavy and almost four times faster than the Tomahawk, the BrahMos has almost 32 times the initial kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile (although it pays for this by having only 3/5 the payload and a fraction of the range despite weighing twice as much, suggesting a different tactical paradigm to achieve the objective).

Although BrahMos is primarily an anti-ship missile, it can also engage land based targets. It can be launched either in a vertical or inclined position and is capable of covering targets over a 360 degree horizon. The BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land, sea, and sub-sea platforms. The air-launched version has a smaller booster and additional tail fins for added stability during launch. The BrahMos is currently being configured for aerial deployment with the Su-30MKI as its carrier.

BrahMos is the world's fastest cruise missile.

Variants

• Ship launched, Anti-Ship variant (operational)
• Ship launched, Land attack variant (operational)
• Land launched, Land attack variant (operational)
• Land launched, Anti-Ship variant (existence not confirmed)
• Air launched, Anti-Ship variant (development)
• Air launched, Land attack variant (development) ^[12]
• Submarine launched, Anti-Ship variant (development)
• Submarine launched, Land attack variant (development)

Operators

India and Russia intend to make 2,000 BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles over the next ten years through their joint venture company, and nearly 50 percent of them are expected to be exported to friendly countries.^[13]

Indian Navy

Model of a frigate with vertical launched Brahmos.

Russia is participating in the P75A submarine deal with the Amur class submarine armed with Brahmos.

The missile is in service with the Indian Navy. Talwar class frigate and Shivalik class frigate are frigates of the Indian Navy that can fire the BrahMos. INS Tabar and INS Trishul are Talwar class vessels armed with supersonic BrahMos while INS Shivalik was the first vessel of the Shivalik class to incorporate the BrahMos. Other vessels of the Shivalik Class and Talwar Class are to be armed with BrahMos missiles by 2009 and 2010 respectively. In 2007, the navy promised to arm the Godavari class frigates and Brahmaputra class frigates with the BrahMos too.^[14] Rajput class destroyers are Destroyers of the Indian Navy that can fire the BrahMos. The INS Rajput, INS Ranvir (D54) ^[15] and INS Ranvijay (D55) which are modified versions of Soviet Kashin class destroyers have been fitted with BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile systems.^[16] The new class of destroyers namely Kolkata Class are also to be fitted with the BrahMos and there are plans to arm the rest of the vessels of the Rajput Class with BrahMos too. On the other hand the Delhi class destroyers are to be modified to incorporate the BrahMos. The first of the Kolkata Class should roll out in 2012 while the Delhi Class and Rajput will be armed with the Brahmos by 2009^[14]

The submarine launched version of the missile is ready for testing. The missile will be either tested on a Kilo class submarine of the Indian Navy or will be tested in Russia.^[17] The land attack version of the missile was fired from Destroyer INS Rajput and the missile hit and destroyed the right target among a group of targets.^[18] The vertical launch of Brahmos was conducted on December 18, 2008 from INS Ranvir (D54).^[19][20]

Indian Army

Brahmos Block-I

A model of land based launcher for the Indian Army.

The missile was successfully tested with new capabilities for the Indian Army in the deserts of Rajasthan, test range near Pokharan (December 2004 & March 2007). It was inducted into the army on June 21, 2007.^[21][22]

Brahmos Block-II

On January 20, 2009, a test of a new BrahMos block II cruise Missile at Pokhran in Rajasthan was conducted with new software. The missile failed to hit the right target among a group of targets. The objective was to hit a small building hidden amongst a group of buildings. According to Brahmos corporation, another test of the new missile will be conducted within one month,^[23] which was eventually conducted on 4 March 2009 and was successful.^[24]

The latest test conducted on 29 March 2009, was successful. The missile took two and a half minutes to hit the target with precision.^[25] According to official sources, "The new seeker is unique and would help us to hit our targets, which are insignificant in terms of size, in a cluster of large buildings. India is now the only nation in the world with this advanced technology" ^[26] After the third test, Lt Gen Noble Thamburaj, said that the Indian Army wanted the BrahMos to achieve high standards of accuracy and congratulated the scientists on behalf of the Indian Army.^[27] The Indian Army confirmed that the test was extremely successful and the army is absolutely satisfied with the missile. The development phase of the Block II version of the missile is over and it is ready for induction.^[28]

On September 5, 2010, Defence scientists test fired BrahMos off the orissa coast and created a world record. It was for the first time that a cruise missile was tested at supersonic speeds in a steep-dive mode. The missile was test-fired from the integrated test rang launching complex-3 (LC-3) at Chandipur around 11.35 am. With this launch, The army's requirement for land attacks with block-II advanced seeker software with target discriminating capabilities has been fully met. BrahMos is the only supersonic cruise missile possessing advanced capability of selection of a particular land target amongst a group of targets, providing an edge to the user with precise hit. The missile can travel at three times the speed of sound and carry a conventional warhead weighing 200-300 kg.^[29]

The army has raised one regiment (numbered 861) of the BrahMos Mark I. Now two separate missile regiments of the BrahMos Mark II, which has a seeker that can discriminate and zero in on a small target in an urban clutter, will be raised and are likely to be numbered 862 and 863. Each of the two new BrahMos cruise missile regiments would have between four and six batteries of three to four Mobile Autonomous Launchers that can be connected to a general mobile command post.^[30]

Indian Air Force

The Air launched version of Brahmos.

The air launched version for the Indian Air Force is ready for testing.^[31] An expert committee from the DRDO and the Indian Air Force (IAF) has ruled out any structural modification to the advanced Su-30MKI if it is to be fitted with the supersonic BrahMos.^[32] January 10, 2009 it was reported that two Indian Air Force (IAF) Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jets have been sent to Russia for a retrofit program that would enable them to launch the aerial version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile.^[33]

On October 22, 2008 A. Sivathanu Pillai, chief executive officer and managing director, Brahmos Airspace announced that the Indian Air Force would get its own version of Brahmos by 2012. Trials and tests will be carried out by 2011 and it is expected to be inducted into the IAF by 2012^[34] In addition, India's 5 Il-38 and 8 Tupolev Tu-142 maritime patrol bombers are also to be armed with the missile.Estimated capacity is 6-BrahMos each as per Indian Navy.^[35] There are reports of efforts towards adding the capability to fire the Indo-Russian Brahmos cruise missile from these aircraft. Mockups have been displayed with air-launched Brahmos attached to underwing pylons on the Indian Navy aircraft.

On August 8, 2009 Alexander Leonov, Director of the Russian Machine Building Research and Production Center, said "we are ready for test launches." He also said the final development and testing of the air-launched version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile will take place soon. A new takeoff engine for launching of the missile in air and at extreme high altitudes had been developed. He said the initial test firing of the missile would be undertaken from the Sukhoi-30 MKI, but did not specify the dates. After testing, the IAF would be the launch customers for the air launched BrahMos cruise missile.

Russian Navy

According to sources the BrahMos could be fitted to the updated Gorshkov class of frigates which will be entering the Russian navy soon.^[36] The defense ministry reported that due to the size and hull specifications of the BrahMos, few if any of its new ships will be able to accommodate it.^[37]

Export

Brahmos has not been exported to any country however several countries including South Africa, Egypt, Oman, Brunei have expressed interest in the missile. In February 2010, it was reported that India was in "serious negotiations" with Chile, Brazil, South Africa and Indonesia regarding the purchase of the missile.^[38] Malaysia is also reported to be considering the purchase of the missile for use on its Kedah class warships.^[39]

Future - BrahMos-II/Brahmos Hypersonic

BrahMos II is a hypersonic cruise missile that has been lab tested with a speed of Mach 5.26 that will make it the fastest cruise missile in the world beating Brahmos 1.^[40] BrahMos II is expected to be ready by 2013-14^[41] and will arm the Project 15B destroyers of the Indian Navy.^[42]

See also

• P-800 Yakhont

References

External links

• BrahMos Missile official website
• The Brahmastra
• The IT in India’s cruise missile
• BrahMos specification – At India Defence
• BrahMos production status
• Features and advantages of the BrahMos supersonic missile. INFOgraphics
• Indian Army To Get World's First Supersonic Cruise Missiles (SpaceDaily:SpaceWar) Jul 26, 2006
• Effect of BrahMos hit on a Petya class frigate
• Supersonic cruise missile BrahMos inducted into Indian defense forces - Govt. of India press release - 29 Nov 2006
• First test of BrahMos land-attack variant from the sea

Video

• BrahMos video
• BrahMos part1-Headlines Today
• BrahMos part2-Headlines Today
• Precision Target hit

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